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Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990), commonly known as B. F. Skinner, was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.〔 The science of human behavior is used to eliminate poverty, sexual expression, government as we know it, create a lifestyle without that such as war.〕〔https://behavioranalysishistory.pbworks.com/w/page/2039033/Skinner%2C%20Burrhus%20Frederic〕 He was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.〔(Muskingum.edu )〕 Skinner considered free will an illusion and human action dependent on consequences of previous actions. If the consequences are bad, there is a high chance that the action will not be repeated; if the consequences are good, however, the actions that led to it will become more probable.〔Schacter, Daniel L., and Gilbert Daniel. (2011). Psychology. (2 ed.). New York, 2011. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.〕 Skinner called this the principle of reinforcement. Skinner called the use of reinforcement to strengthen behavior operant conditioning, and he considered the rate of response to be the most effective measure of response strength. To study operant conditioning he invented the operant conditioning chamber, also known as the Skinner Box,〔Schacter D, L., Gilbert D, T., & Wegner D, M. (2011)〕 and to measure rate he invented the ''cumulative recorder''. Using these tools he and C. B. Ferster produced his most influential experimental work, which appeared in the book Schedules of Reinforcement.〔B. F. Skinner, (1938) ''The Behavior of Organisms''.〕〔C. B. Ferster & B. F. Skinner, (1957) ''Schedules of Reinforcement''.〕 Skinner developed a philosophy of science that he called radical behaviorism,〔B. F. Skinner, ''About Behaviorism''〕 and founded a school of experimental research psychology—the experimental analysis of behavior. He imagined the application of his ideas to the design of a human community in his utopian novel'' Walden Two'',〔Skinner, B.F. (1948). Walden Two. Indianapolis: Hackett. ISBN 0-87220-779-X.〕 and his analysis of human behavior culminated in his work ''Verbal Behavior''.〔Skinner, B. F. (1958) Verbal Behavior. Acton, MA: Copley Publishing Group. ISBN 1-58390-021-7〕 Skinner was a prolific author who published 21 books and 180 articles.〔(Lafayette.edu ), accessed on 5-20-07.〕〔(BFSkinner.org ), Smith Morris Bibliography〕 Contemporary academia considers Skinner a pioneer of modern behaviorism along with John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov. A June 2002 survey listed Skinner as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century. == Biography == Skinner was born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, to Grace and William Skinner. His father was a lawyer. He became an atheist after a Christian teacher tried to assuage his fear of the hell that his grandmother described.〔"Within a year I had gone to Miss Graves to tell her that I no longer believed in God. 'I know,' she said, 'I have been through that myself.' But her strategy misfired: I never went through it." B.F. Skinner, pp. 387-413, E.G. Boring and G. Lindzey's ''A History of Psychology in Autobiography'' (Vol. 5), New York: Appleton Century-Crofts, 1967.〕 His brother Edward, two and a half years younger, died at age sixteen of a cerebral hemorrhage. He attended Hamilton College in New York with the intention of becoming a writer. He found himself at a social disadvantage at Hamilton College because of his intellectual attitude.〔''B.F. Skinner: A Life'' (). by Daniel W. Bjork, ISBN 9781557984166: Amazon.com: Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 June 2013.〕 While attending, he joined Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity. He wrote for the school paper, but as an atheist, he was critical of the religious school he attended. After receiving his B.A. in English literature in 1926, he attended Harvard University, where he would later research, teach, and eventually become a prestigious board member. While he was at Harvard a fellow student, Fred Keller, convinced Skinner that he could make an experimental science from the study of behavior. This led Skinner to invent his prototype for the Skinner Box and to join Keller in the creation of other tools for small experiments.〔 After graduation, he unsuccessfully tried to write a great novel while he lived with his parents, a period that he later called the Dark Years.〔 He became disillusioned with his literary skills despite encouragement from the renowned poet Robert Frost, concluding that he had little world experience and no strong personal perspective from which to write. His encounter with John B. Watson's ''Behaviorism'' led him into graduate study in psychology and to the development of his own version of behaviorism. Skinner received a Ph.D. from Harvard in 1931, and remained there as a researcher until 1936. He then taught at the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis and later at Indiana University, where he was chair of the psychology department from 1946–1947, before returning to Harvard as a tenured professor in 1948. He remained at Harvard for the rest of his life. In 1973 Skinner was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto II.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Humanist Manifesto II )〕 In 1936, Skinner married Yvonne (Eve) Blue. The couple had two daughters, Julie (m. Vargas) and Deborah (m. Buzan). He died of leukemia on August 18, 1990,〔http://www.humanistsofutah.org/humanists/bfskinner.html〕 and is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.〔Bjork, D.W. (1993). B.F. Skinner, A Life. New York: Basic Books.〕 Skinner continued to write and work until just before his death. Just a few days before his death, he was given a lifetime achievement award by the American Psychological Association and delivered a 15-minute address concerning his work. A controversial figure, Skinner has been depicted in many different ways. He has been widely revered for bringing a much-needed scientific approach to the study of human behavior; he has also been vilified for attempting to apply findings based largely on animal experiments to human behavior in real-life settings. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「B. F. Skinner」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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